Wizard API updated!
Tim Boudreau has released a new version of the Swing Wizard library (version 0.997) that fixes the WizardException bug reported in JavaWorld's recent Open Source Java Project profile. The article's examples have been reworked to test out the new, improved WizardException. Thanks, Tim, for this helpful fix!
Open Source Java Projects: The Wizard API

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Design for performance, Part 1: Interfaces matter

Avoid performance hazards when designing Java classes

By Brian Goetz, JavaWorld.com, 01/12/01

Many programmers don't start thinking about performance management until late in the development cycle. Often, they hold off on performance tuning until the end, hoping perhaps to avoid it entirely -- and sometimes this strategy is successful. However, early design decisions can affect the need for and success of performance tuning. If performance is likely to become an issue in your program, performance management should be integrated into the design and development cycle from day one.

This series explores some of the ways in which early design decisions can significantly affect application performance. In this article, I look at one of the most common performance problems: temporary object creation. A class's object-creational behavior is often determined -- often not deliberately -- at design time, sowing the seeds for performance problems later.

Read the whole "Design for Performance" series:



Performance problems come in many varieties. The easiest to fix are those where you simply have chosen a poor algorithm for performing a computation -- such as using a bubble sort to sort a large data set, or where you are recomputing a frequently used data item every time it is used instead of caching it. You can easily spot these types of bottlenecks using profiling and, once found, they usually can be corrected quickly. However, many Java performance problems stem from a deeper and harder-to-fix source -- the interface design of a program's components.

Most programs today are constructed from components that have been either developed internally or acquired from an outside vendor. Even when programs don't rely heavily on pre-existing components, the object-oriented design process encourages applications to be factored into components, as this simplifies the design, development, and testing process. While these advantages are undeniable, you should recognize that the interfaces implemented by components might have a significant effect on the behavior and performance of the programs that use them.

At this point, you may be asking what interfaces have to do with performance. Not only does a class's interface define what functions the class can perform, but it also can define its object-creational behavior and the sequence of method calls required to use it. How a class defines its constructors and methods will dictate whether an object can be reused, whether its methods will create -- or require its client to create -- intermediate objects, and how many method calls a client needs to make in order to use that class. All of these factors affect program performance.

Watch out for object creations

One of the fundamental Java performance management principles is this: Avoid excessive object creation. This doesn't mean that you should give up the benefits of object-oriented programming by not creating any objects, but you should be wary of object creation inside of tight loops when executing performance-critical code. Object creation is expensive enough that you should avoid unnecessarily creating temporary or intermediate objects in situations where performance is an issue.

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