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Achieve strong performance with threads, Part 4

Discover thread groups, volatility, thread-local variables, timers, and the ThreadDeath class

By Jeff Friesen, JavaWorld.com, 08/02/02

My previous three articles explored an assortment of thread concepts: the Thread class, the Runnable interface, exceptions and the run() method, synchronization, thread scheduling, the wait/notify mechanism, and thread interruption. This month's Java 101 concludes the thread series by focusing on thread groups, volatility, thread-local variables, timers, and the ThreadDeath class. Want more on threads? The sidebar "Finalization and Threads" describes how various thread concepts combine to finalize objects.

Read the whole series on thread programming:

• Part 1: Introducing threads, the Thread class, and runnables
• Part 2: Use synchronization to serialize thread access to critical code sections
• Part 3: Learn about thread scheduling, the wait/notify mechanism, and thread interruption
• Part 4: Discover thread groups, volatility, thread-local variables, timers, and the ThreadDeath class

Thread groups

In a network server program, one thread waits for and accepts requests from client programs to execute, for example, database transactions or complex calculations. The thread usually creates a new thread to handle the request. Depending on the request volume, many different threads might be simultaneously present, complicating thread management. To simplify thread management, programs organize their threads with thread groups—java.lang.ThreadGroup objects that group related threads' Thread (and Thread subclass) objects. For example, your program can use ThreadGroup to group all printing threads into one group.

Note
To keep the discussion simple, I refer to thread groups as if they organize threads. In reality, thread groups organize Thread (and Thread subclass) objects associated with threads.

Java requires every thread and every thread group—save the root thread group, system—to join some other thread group. That arrangement leads to a hierarchical thread-group structure, which the figure below illustrates in an application context.

An application's hierarchical thread-group structure begins with a main thread group just below the system thread group

At the top of the figure's structure is the system thread group. The JVM-created system group organizes JVM threads that deal with object finalization and other system tasks, and serves as the root thread group of an application's hierarchical thread-group structure. Just below system is the JVM-created main thread group, which is system's subthread group (subgroup, for short). main contains at least one thread—the JVM-created main thread that executes byte-code instructions in the main() method.

Below the main group reside the subgroup 1 and subgroup 2 subgroups, application-created subgroups (which the figure's application creates). Furthermore, subgroup 1 groups three application-created threads: thread 1, thread 2, and thread 3. In contrast, subgroup 2 groups one application-created thread: my thread.

Now that you know the basics, let's start creating thread groups.

Create thread groups and associate threads with those groups

The ThreadGroup class's SDK documentation reveals two constructors: ThreadGroup(String name) and ThreadGroup(ThreadGroup parent, String name). Both constructors create a thread group and give it a name, as the name parameter specifies. The constructors differ in their choice of what thread group serves as parent to the newly created thread group. Each thread group, except system, must have a parent thread group. For ThreadGroup(String name), the parent is the thread group of the thread that calls ThreadGroup(String name). As an example, if the main thread calls ThreadGroup(String name), the newly created thread group has the main thread's group as its parent—main. For ThreadGroup(ThreadGroup parent, String name), the parent is the group that parent references. The following code shows how to use these constructors to create a pair of thread groups:

 

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