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Inheritance versus composition: Which one should you choose?

A comparative look at two fundamental ways to relate classes

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An important question to ask yourself when you think you have an is-a relationship is whether that is-a relationship will be constant throughout the lifetime of the application and, with luck, the lifecycle of the code. For example, you might think that an Employee is-a Person, when really Employee represents a role that a Person plays part of the time. What if the person becomes unemployed? What if the person is both an Employee and a Supervisor? Such impermanent is-a relationships should usually be modelled with composition.

Don't use inheritance just to get code reuse If all you really want is to reuse code and there is no is-a relationship in sight, use composition.

Don't use inheritance just to get at polymorphism If all you really want is polymorphism, but there is no natural is-a relationship, use composition with interfaces. I'll be talking about this subject next month.

Next month

In next month's Design Techniques article, I'll talk about designing with interfaces.

A request for reader participation

I encourage your comments, criticisms, suggestions, flames -- all kinds of feedback -- about the material presented in this column. If you disagree with something, or have something to add, please let me know.

You can either participate in a discussion forum devoted to this material, enter a comment via the form at the bottom of the article, or e-mail me directly using the link provided in my bio below.

About the author

Bill Venners has been writing software professionally for 12 years. Based in Silicon Valley, he provides software consulting and training services under the name Artima Software Company. Over the years he has developed software for the consumer electronics, education, semiconductor, and life insurance industries. He has programmed in many languages on many platforms: assembly language on various microprocessors, C on Unix, C++ on Windows, Java on the Web. He is author of the book: Inside the Java Virtual Machine, published by McGraw-Hill.

Read more about Core Java in JavaWorld's Core Java section.

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Resources
  • Bill Venners' next book is Flexible Java http://www.artima.com/flexiblejava/index.html
  • Bill Venners just got back from his European bike trip. Read about it at
    http://www.artima.com/bv/travel/bike98.html
  • The discussion forum devoted to the material presented in this article http://www.artima.com/flexiblejava/fjf/compoinh/index.html
  • Links to all previous design techniques articles http://www.artima.com/designtechniques/index.html
  • A tutorial on cloning http://www.artima.com/innerjava/cloning.html
  • Recommended books on Java design, including information by the Gamma, et al., Design Patterns book http://www.artima.com/designtechniques/booklist.html
  • A transcript of an e-mail debate between Bill Venners, Mark Johnson (JavaWorld's JavaBeans columnist), and Mark Balbe on whether or not all objects should be made into beans http://www.artima.com/flexiblejava/comments/beandebate.html
  • Source packet that contains the example code used in this article http://www.artima.com/flexiblejava/code.html
  • Object orientation FAQ http://www.cyberdyne-object-sys.com/oofaq2/
  • 7237 Links on Object Orientation http://www.rhein-neckar.de/~cetus/software.html
  • The Object-Oriented Page http://www.well.com/user/ritchie/oo.html
  • Collection of information on OO approach http://arkhp1.kek.jp:80/managers/computing/activities/OO_CollectInfor/OO_CollectInfo.html
  • Design Patterns Home Page http://hillside.net/patterns/patterns.html
  • A Comparison of OOA and OOD Methods http://www.iconcomp.com/papers/comp/comp_1.html
  • Object-Oriented Analysis and Design MethodsA Comparative Review http://wwwis.cs.utwente.nl:8080/dmrg/OODOC/oodoc/oo.html
  • Patterns discussion FAQ http://gee.cs.oswego.edu/dl/pd-FAQ/pd-FAQ.html
  • Patterns in Java AWT http://mordor.cs.hut.fi/tik-76.278/group6/awtpat.html
  • Software Technology's Design Patterns Page http://www.sw-technologies.com/dpattern/
  • Previous Design Techniques articles http://www.javaworld.com/topicalindex/jw-ti-techniques.html