More action with Struts 2
In a recent review of Struts 2 in Action, JW Blogger Oleg Mikheev notes that Struts 2 is "just a collection of extensions built upon WebWork, which is ultimately the right thing to learn before starting a Struts 2 project." While Struts 2 has some architectural flaws, Oleg calls WebWork well-designed, well-tested, and reliable. What are your experiences using Struts 2 and WebWork?

Also see "Hello World the WebWork way," a JavaWorld excerpt from WebWork in Action, by Patrick Lightbody and Jason Carreira.

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Log4j delivers control over logging

The open source log4j API for Java offers fast, efficient log services

By Ceki Gülcü, JavaWorld.com, 11/22/00

Almost every large application includes its own logging or tracing API. Experience indicates that logging represents an important component of the development cycle. As such, logging offers several advantages. First, it can provide precise context about a run of the application. Once inserted into the code, the generation of logging output requires no human intervention. Second, log output can be saved in a persistent medium to be studied at a later time. Finally, in addition to its use in the development cycle, a sufficiently rich logging package can also be employed as an audit tool.

In conformance with that rule, in early 1996 the EU SEMPER (Secure Electronic Marketplace for Europe) project decided to write its own tracing API. After countless enhancements, several incarnations, and much work, that API has evolved into log4j, a popular logging package for Java. The package is distributed under the IBM Public License, certified by the open source initiative.

Logging does have its drawbacks. It can slow down an application. If too verbose, it can cause scrolling blindness. To alleviate those concerns, log4j is designed to be fast and flexible. Since logging is rarely the main focus of an application, log4j API strives to be simple to understand and use.

This article starts by describing the main components of the log4j architecture. It proceeds with a simple example depicting basic usage and configuration. It wraps up by touching on performance issues and the upcoming logging API from Sun.

Categories, appenders, and layouts

Log4j has three main components:

  • Categories
  • Appenders
  • Layouts


The three components work together to enable developers to log messages according to message type and priority, and to control at runtime how these messages are formatted and where they are reported. Let's look at each in turn.

Category hierarchy

The first and foremost advantage of any logging API over plain System.out.println resides in its ability to disable certain log statements while allowing others to print unhindered. That capability assumes that the logging space, that is, the space of all possible logging statements, is categorized according to some developer-chosen criteria.

In conformance with that observation, the org.log4j.Category class figures at the core of the package. Categories are named entities. In a naming scheme familiar to Java developers, a category is said to be a parent of another category if its name, followed by a dot, is a prefix of the child category name. For example, the category named com.foo is a parent of the category named com.foo.Bar. Similarly, java is a parent of java.util and an ancestor of java.util.Vector.

The root category, residing at the top of the category hierarchy, is exceptional in two ways:

  1. It always exists
  2. It cannot be retrieved by name


In the Category class, invoking the static getRoot() method retrieves the root category. The static getInstance() method instantiates all other categories. getInstance() takes the name of the desired category as a parameter. Some of the basic methods in the Category class are listed below:

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